High pressure delivery system

ABSTRACT

This relates to an improved delivery system for accurately loading and controlling the delivery of flowable material to a patient. Particularly, the system may be used in the injection of hard tissue implant materials such as PMMA under pressures up to about 4000 psi. The system includes an applicator with a first column having an implant material introduction section adapted to provide for effective loading of the implant material and a second column housing a piston. The introduction section has a larger size than that of a vessel section or bore in which the requisite pressure seal between the piston and bore wall is formed. The first column may include an introduction section flared open to an included larger funnel-like opening or a separate funnel may be used that interfaces with the introduction section to facilitate the introduction of implant material. Handles on the first and second columns to be turned relative to each other to advance the columns toward each other may be provided for manual actuation of the applicator to drive implant material through a cannula and deliver implant material to a desired site.

TECHNICAL FIELD

[0001] The present invention relates to a system for more accurately controlling the delivery of flowable material to a patient. Particularly, the system may be used in the injection of hard tissue implant materials. Features of the invention provide for effective loading of an applicator configured to generate high fluid delivery pressures.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0002] The introduction of flowable material to an implantation site within a patient to effect one or more therapeutic goals is well known. The flowable material itself may be of high or low viscosity. Matter ranging from typical fluids or solutions to non-Newtonian fluids, pastes, gels and the like has been used for one purpose or another in the medical arts.

[0003] It is well-recognized that syringes may be used for percutaneous delivery or injection of flowable material. However, such devices are of limited value in the delivery of high viscosity fluids. In general, users are only capable of generating pressures of about 100-150 psi with 10 cc syringes. This places a limitation on the viscosity of the flowable material that can be effectively “pushed through” the syringe and attached needle or cannula and fully delivered to a treatment site. The use of a small barrel syringe, e.g., a 1 cc syringe enables the user to generate higher driving pressures (e.g., pressures of 800 psi and possibly as high as 1000-1200 psi) that may be used to flow a viscous implant material. However, the 1 cc volume of the syringe may be very limiting as to the amount of material deliverable to a patient. This can be especially problematic when the material to be injected is a settable composition where (for various reasons) it is important to deliver all the material desired in a single “shot”. Another problem with a 1 cc syringe is lack of control, as high pressures are generated in a “spike-like” response time and are not continuously controllable.

[0004] Other devices used in the medical arts do not suffer such a control problem by virtue of a threaded arrangement used to advance a piston head within a bore to drive material from a loaded device. U.S. Pat. No. 29,083 to Irving discloses a syringe having a plunger with a screw thread on its exterior. Advancing the plunger by turning it relative to a housing generates sufficient pressure to force a semi-solid ointment out of a perforated tube. This applicator, however, is only configured for rectal delivery of a hemorrhoid medicament.

[0005] By contrast, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/053,108, “Pressure Applicator for Hard Tissue Implant Material,” (Attorney Docket No. 361722000300) by Preissman, filed Apr. 1, 1998 and U.S. patent application Ser. No. (not yet assigned), “High Pressure Applicator” (Attorney Docket 361722000320) by Preissman, filed on even date herewith, each incorporated by reference herein as part of the invention, disclose high pressure applicators utilizing two threaded columns in various arrangements capable of use for injecting material in useful procedures.

[0006] While the applicator of the earlier-filed patent application by Preissman does not provide some of the advantages of the present invention (particularly in loading implant material), the applicators disclosed in each patent application are of practical utility as high-pressure applicators for use in percutaneous vertebroplasty. In this procedure, once a cannula is positioned in the cancellous bone of a vertebrae, a hard tissue implant material such as Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) is injected into a site for treatment to reinforce and solidify the damaged hard tissue.

[0007] Generally, about 3.5 cc of implant material per side of the vertebral body is required. Control issues aside, this makes the use of a 1 cc syringe problematic. Basically, a vertebroplasty procedure would require multiple reloading steps with such a syringe. Further, the additional time spent for such action would result in more than mere inefficiency. Reloading time is time spent while an implant material like PMMA is polymerizing to become increasingly viscous beyond a state in which it may be safely or effectively delivered by any type of injection device, regardless of its high-pressure capacity. Both the need to inject the implant material through a relatively narrow needle or cannula and the fact that the desired site is relatively closed (i.e., trabecular bone) compounds material thickening effects which make “single shot” delivery ability important.

[0008] While PMMA in a nearly-solidified state is inappropriate for use with the present invention, a highly-viscous or syrupy consistency of PMMA is generally believed to be most advantageous for performing percutaneous vertebroplasty. Such a consistency insures that the implant material stays in place much better than a less viscous, more flowable material.

[0009] It is known that leakage or seepage of PMMA from a vertebral implant site or extravasation through fractures in the bone can cause a host of complications—some of which can be very serious and even result in death. For example, Weil et al. reported cases of sciatica and difficulty in swallowing which were related to focal cement leakage, Radiology 1996; Vol. 199, No. 1, 241-247. A leak toward the distal veins poses an even more serious risk, since this can cause a pulmonary embolism which is often fatal.

[0010] In addition to leakage around the cannula and through bone, overfilling of the intended implant site can result in introduction of implant material into the blood stream after removal of the cannula from the implant site. Due to the high pressures involved in the implant procedure, compliance within the delivery system can act as a capacitance under pressure thereby storing a volume of the implant material and energy under pressure which, upon release of the pressure, drives an undesired additional amount of implant material into the implant site to cause potentially-dangerous overfilling. This additional amount of outflow is sometimes referred to as “oozing” or “drip”. System compliance may also result in decreased response performance of the delivery system.

[0011] Compliance may be introduced into a system either by virtue of appreciable elasticity of tubing, by other members forming part of the delivery system or by air bubbles introduced in the filling or loading of the applicator with implant material. Purging of air from a system loaded with highly-viscous matter may be difficult or impossible especially where air bubbles are not initially only near the system's outlet. This is because air bubbles will simply not be able to buoy to a point where they may be ejected without extruding a large volume of the implant material intended for implantation from the applicator.

[0012] Specific adaptation for venting or purging of air from a syringe for delivering viscous material is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,795,444 to Hasegawa et al. In this device, space is provided in a top section of the syringe so that an end of a plunger may pass through material in the top section to vent air bubbles before forming a seal in the smaller diameter bottom section of the syringe. The differential in sizes of the sections may be provided in stepwise fashion, as a tapered wall or as by a recessed channel. All this being said, as stated previously—a syringe is of limited utility or practicality as a high pressure applicator and cannot be effectively used as an applicator in the present invention due to various shortcomings inherent to the limitations of syringes as discussed above.

[0013] Accordingly, especially for use with PMMA in percutaneous vertebroplasty procedures, there exists a need for an improved system able to provide substantially non-complaint and precise application of implant material under high pressures to a desired location in a single batch. The system of the present invention includes method and apparatus adapted to meet such needs as well as provide other advantages readily apparent to those with skill in the art.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0014] The present invention is an improved system for controlled delivery of injectable material to a patient. It includes a first column including a vessel section open to an implant material introduction section. A second column is provided which is drivably engageable with the first column along an advancement axis. Handles may be provided on the first and second columns for manual actuation of the device by turning the columns relative to each other where a threaded interface is provided. A piston or plunger member is provided and advances within the vessel section of the first column upon advancement of the second column to generate pressure to drive implant material loaded within the vessel section. Although a close-tolerance or slight interference fit between the piston and the vessel section may be provided to develop a seal, it is preferable to provide an O-ring or other sealing element as typically done in the art.

[0015] The introduction section of the first column has a slightly larger cross-sectional area than that of the portion of the vessel section adjacent to it. Providing a larger size or diameter introduction section than vessel section entrance enables the introduction of the piston into the implant material without simultaneously forming a seal where compliant bubbles may be trapped. Put another way, the differential in sizes is provided so that when the vessel section is fully filled and the introduction section is at least partially filled, the end of the piston may be dipped in the implant material to allow for the exclusion of air bubbles prior to driving it into the vessel section.

[0016] Where the implant material is less viscous, the piston may merely be plunged in to implant material in the introduction section and driven into the vessel section. Where the implant material is more viscous, it may be advisable to more carefully place the piston in contact with the implant material in the introduction section to avoid air bubbles (by turning, rocking or otherwise manipulating the piston) and then inserting it into the vessel section where a seal is formed.

[0017] The introduction section of applicator in the present invention may be relatively close in size to the vessel section entrance to provide only a surrounding dam for a meniscus poured over the vessel section. Since the amount of material to be provided in the introduction section need not be great to facilitate the venting or purging as described above, in using the invention it is better to only introduce slightly more implant material than will fill the vessel. Introduction of a larger amount of implant material is not only wasteful, but may result in material drainage out of the introduction section into other parts of the applicator—especially when the applicator is inverted or turned as will often be the case in preparing PMMA implant material for delivery.

[0018] To help account for the possibility of excess implant material and associated potential of fouling of the applicator by such excess, a larger size of the introduction section than strictly required for the venting feature discussed above may be used to act as a catch basin for implant material. This will provide an increased margin of error in pouring implant material into the applicator before overflowing the introduction section. Further, the walls of such an enlarged catch basin may help to prevent contamination of the applicator by virtue of adherence of the implant material to the surface area provided during inversion or agitation of the applicator.

[0019] The present invention may include a funnel or increased-size target region integrated into the first column, adjacent to the introduction section, to aid in pouring implant material into the applicator. Drive threads may be placed on the exterior of the funnel section. However, when no integral funnel is provided, drive threads may be placed exterior to the introduction section which may be of a finer pitch or higher thread count than those on a larger diameter. A smaller diameter and/or finer threads will provide for greater mechanical advantage for generating higher driving pressures more easily. To help in loading material into the applicator when no integral funnel is used, a separate funnel element may be provided to interface with the introduction section.

[0020] The present invention includes such features of the pressure applicator discussed above as well as the methods involved in preparing and using the applicator to inject material into a patient. Such methods or procedures involve preparing an applicator by at least partially filling an introduction section with a material for delivery above a level at which a piston may form a seal and driving a piston head into a vessel section bore where a seal is formed without the introduction of compliant matter such as air bubbles. The preparation method may be followed by introducing material from the applicator into a patient in a medical procedure that may be distinct and separate from the inventive preparation method.

[0021] The invention also includes those concomitant parts or elements useable with the applicator in delivering material to a site within a patient. Such elements may include a delivery hose, a cannula (alone or in combination with one or more stylets) and vertebroplasty implant material. Reference is made to preferred embodiments of these elements which are described in further detail below. Together, these elements may form part of the inventive kit or system to be used in a procedure or method as variously described herein.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0022] Each of the following figures diagrammatically illustrates aspects of the present invention. No aspect shown is intended to be limited to the expression pictured.

[0023]FIG. 1 shows the primary components of the inventive flowable implant material delivery system and indicates the manner in which they are assembled.

[0024]FIG. 2 shows the implant delivery components assembled and prepared for use.

[0025]FIG. 3 show the cannula and two types of stylets useable in the invention and indicates the manner in which they are assembled.

[0026]FIGS. 4A and 4B show views of the ends of a hose and connectors useable in the invention.

[0027]FIG. 5 shows a first column including an integrated funnel section.

[0028]FIG. 6 shows alternate first columns and an independent funnel useable with each.

[0029]FIGS. 7A, 7B and 7C show views of a housing member, retainer member and plunger.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0030] An example procedure for using precision instruments according to the present invention in an intravertebral vertebroplasty will now be described. It is expressly noted, however, that this invention is useable in a myriad of other procedures where virtually any flowable material to be delivered to a patient under pressure is employed. But for percutaneous vertebroplasty, initially a surgeon identifies a landmark with the aid of fluoroscopy or other imaging technique. Next, an injection is given to anesthetize the skin where insertion will occur. A long needle, having a length sufficient to percutaneously access the periosteum of the target vertebra is then used to inject anesthesia subperiostially.

[0031] After sufficient time has passed to effectively anesthetize the skin, an incision is made through the skin with a scalpel. A combined stylet and cannula 2 (such as stylet 4 and cannula 6 threaded together, as shown in FIG. 1) and further described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. (not yet assigned), “Precision Instruments For Use In Vertebroplasty” (Attorney Docket No. 361722000420) by Preissman et al., filed on even date herewith and “Precision Depth Guided Instruments for Use In Vertebroplasty” (Attorney Docket 361722000400) filed Oct. 14, 1997, incorporated by reference, are then inserted through the incision and advanced using a translation motion with no torquing, until the tip 8 of the stylet abuts the cortical bone of the vertebra or the periosteum surrounding it. Once contact has been made, the cannula tube is then grasped with a pair of hemostats and fluoroscopy/imaging is used to assess the position of the cannula/stylet with regard to the vertebra. The hemostats are used to allow the hands of the user to be removed from the field in which the imaging radiation will be applied. With the aid of medical imaging, the cannula/stylet 2 are positioned with respect to the pedicle of the vertebra at the desired orientation for passing therethrough and into the body of the vertebra. Imaging may be performed both perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the spine/vertebra, as well as along the longitudinal axis of the cannula/stylet, or at an angle to the longitudinal axis of the cannula stylet.

[0032] If the advancement of the stylet and cannula does not proceed along the intended pathway, the stylet 4 may be reverse rotated while preventing rotation of the cannula 6 to maintain it in position and remove the stylet. A second stylet 10, as shown in FIG. 3, which has an asymmetric tip 12 may then be inserted into the cannula and connected therewith. Stylet 10 is configured essentially identically to stylet 4 with the exception of the distal end thereof. Rather than a pointed and threaded tip portion, stylet 10 is provided with a beveled tip portion 12. A preferred angle of orientation of the beveled surface is about 30° with respect to the longitudinal axis of the stylet, although this angle may be varied to include any acute angle to give various responses in directional steering of the stylet 10.

[0033] Yet another stylet may be included which has other double-beveled or diamond-shaped tip portion adapted to pass through the cannula. Still further, stylets having conical or pyramidal type tip portions having a substantially smooth surface may be additionally or alternatively provided. All of these stylets may be useful for improved “targeting” ability in initially piercing skin or hard tissue. Other uses, advantages and a more detailed description of variations of each of the stylets advantageously useable in the present system are described in “Precision Instruments for Percutaneous Delivery of Implant Materials” (Attorney Docket 36172-20004.20) filed on even date herewith, which is herein incorporated by reference, especially as to that disclosure. The operator can rotate the stylet 10 to position the tip 12 in a direction toward which he/she wishes to migrate the stylet 10. Once the orientation of the stylet 10 and cannula 6, having been advanced over the stylet 10, has been satisfactorily set, the fluoroscopy/imaging is discontinued, the hemostats are removed and the operator carefully grasps the cannula/stylet being careful not to alter the orientation. Stylet 10 with the beveled tip 12 is then removed and replaced by stylet 4 with self-tapping threads 8. Grasping the combination handle 14, and optionally the cannula tube 16, the operator then proceeds to both push translationally and torque the combination handle to begin threading the stylet 4 into the cortical bone.

[0034] After “biting” into the bone with a few turns of the self-tapping threads 8, the operator's hands are removed and the devices maintain their position by the support provided by the bone surrounding the threads. The devices/instruments are again viewed fluoroscopically or otherwise imaged both along the longitudinal axis of the cannula/stylet and laterally to determined the depth of the instruments. If the desired depth and placement has not yet been achieved, imaging is discontinued, and the cannula/stylet are further torqued or otherwise advanced into the cancellous bone until the tip of the cannula has been positioned in a desirable location.

[0035] Upon achieving the desired placement of the cannula at a site for treatment, the operator reverse rotates the stylet 4 to remove it from the cannula 6, while preventing rotation of the cannula 6. The cannula at this stage is effectively press-fit into the bone site which aids the operator in preventing its rotation. Once the stylet has been completely removed from the cannula, fluoroscopic imaging/viewing of the cannula may optionally be performed to assure that the cannula did not move during the removal of the stylet.

[0036] Optionally, a contrast agent, e.g. a product known as OMNIPAQUE 300 available from Nycomed in Princeton, N.J., may be injected through the cannula and the flow of the contrast agent is viewed fluoroscopically or with other imaging in order to ascertain that the tip of the cannula has not been placed in a vein or other significant vessel. Preferably the contrast agent is injected through tubing connected to the cannula. When tubing is used, it is preferably of a smaller length and diameter than tubing that is used for injection of implant material: Contrast agent must be flushed out of the vertebra prior to injection of the implantation material, so it is preferable to inject a small volume of the contrast agent. Viewing of the flow of the contrast agent helps to identify the shape of the vertebral body into which the injection of implant material is to be performed, as well as to locate where the major veins lie. After completing the flow of the contrast agent, the remnants of the contrast agent are flushed out of the vertebral body by injecting a flushing solution (e.g., saline) through the cannula 6, using a syringe or other injector. The imaging is preferably discontinued for this step. It is preferable to use a minimum amount of contrast agent. The contrast agent is flushed out so that it does not occlude, cloud, or otherwise compete with the viewing of the radiopacity of the implant material when it is placed.

[0037] The cannula 6 at this point will be filled with saline. If not filled by saline by such flushing, then it may be backfilled. The substantially non-compliant conduit 18, if used, may be connected to the pressure applicator 20 and have implant material forced through it prior to being attached to the cannula 6. An example of an implant material for vertebroplasty is a PMMA bone cement containing contrast agents including radiographic powder or particles of any typical material such as U.S.P. Barium Sulfate and/or tracer particles. Aspects of acceptable implant material are described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/950,256, “Enhanced Visibility Materials For Implantation In Hard Tissue” (Attorney Docket 361722000200) by Preissman, filed Oct. 14, 1997.

[0038] Luer fittings/locks 22 may be used to provide a high pressure capacity connection between the respective members of the inventive system. A detailed description of a high pressure, noncompliant conduit or tubing 18 which can be used in this invention is given in the copending commonly assigned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/276,062, “Non-Compliant System For Delivery Of Implant Material” (Attorney Docket 361722000500) by Preissman, filed Mar. 24, 1999, which is hereby incorporated by reference thereto, in its entirety.

[0039] Non-compliance of the system is further achieved by loading of the applicator 20 to avoid the introduction of air bubbles as contemplated by the present invention. Such loading is provided for by means of plunger head 26 smaller in size than an introduction section 24 so it may freely pass through the introduction section as it is introduced into a vessel section 28 where a frictional seal may be formed. In the embodiment of the invention shown in the figures, round members are used for the piston head 26, vessel section 28 and the introduction section 24 of first column 30. It is noted, however, that any advantageous geometry may be used for the vessel section 28. It is preferable that at least a portion of the first column 30 be round though, since threads 32 may then be placed on its exterior to engage with mating threads 34 (FIG. 7A) on the interior of second column 36.

[0040] Where a different manner of drivably engaging first column 30 relative to the second column 36 is desired (e.g., a ratcheting interface, or a pneumatic or hydraulic driven arrangement) a round shape of the introduction section 24 may be less preferred. Other drive mechanisms or embodiments of interest which may be used in the present invention are also discussed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/950,382, “Precision Depth Guided Instruments for Vertebroplasty” (Attorney Docket 361722000200) filed Oct. 14, 1997, and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/949,839, “Precision Depth Guided Instruments for Use In Vertebroplasty” (Attorney Docket 361722000400) filed Oct. 14, 1997, and U.S. patent application Ser. No. (not yet assigned), “Precision Instruments For Use In Vertebroplasty” (Attorney Docket No. 361722000420) filed on even date herewith, each by Preissman and herein incorporated by reference in their entireties.

[0041] Where the first column 30 and second column 36 are configured for threaded engagement to be driven towards or away from each other, it is advantageous to provide handles 38 and 40 on the columns. The handles may be integrally formed or merely affixed in some matter. Preferably, handle 40 on the first column 30 is in the form of a radially-extending arm. This may serve as a stabilizer when a knob-like grip 38 is turned. Such actuation of the applicator 20 will avoid twisting the conduit 18 or cannula 6 during the delivery of material.

[0042] Where threads are used or torsional movement is translated into axial movement of the columns 30 and 36 toward each other otherwise, it will be advantageous to provide an enlarged base 44 b of the piston/plunger rod 44 with an end 44 d having a spherical surface which is free to rotate with respect to the inner end surface 36 d of the second column 36. The enlarged base 44 b is held in position by the placement of one or more (preferably two) internal retaining rings 42 which engage within a recess in second column 36 and abut the enlarged base 44 b to substantially prevent translational movement thereof with respect to the second column 36. Thus the rod 44 will not fall out of the second column 36 when inverted or otherwise jostled, but the rod 44 is still allowed to turn relative to the column 36.

[0043] Such turning relative to the housing 36 will be advantageous especially when using gritty implant material to help preserve seal 50 since it may merely translate within the pressure vessel 28 rather than rotate through its translation. The retaining member 42 may comprise one or more star-shaped internal retainers, for example, as shown in FIG. 7B, or the like.

[0044] The various portions of the pressure applicator 20 may be sized to provide sufficient mechanical advantage to enable the application of pressures up to about 4000 psi by hand. As alluded to variously, mechanical advantage of the system is determined in large part by handle size 38, 40, the bore size or the vessel section 28, and the mechanical advantage of the drive means. In the embodiments shown, threadings are provided on the exterior of the first column 30 and interior of the second column 36. Manufacturing and material considerations, and the diameter on which to place the threads will determine the thread pitch which may be used. This in turn determines the mechanical advantage of the drive means. Where a greater mechanical advantage is desired, a finer thread pitch will provide the same. Also, the diameter of threaded sections of the columns 30 and 36 may be decreased. Alternately, a finer pitch thread may be used on a relatively larger diameter section by changing material or manufacturing procedure (such as cutting the threads into the respective members rather than molding the pieces as is presently preferred). In all, a pressure applicator produced according to the present invention is a balancing of various design goals relating to performance and cost.

[0045] In the embodiment pictured in FIGS. 1, 2 and 5, the introduction section is flared open to an integral target or funnel section 52 between about 1 and 1.75 inches in diameter to facilitate pouring implant material into the first column 30. The inclusion of an integral funnel section 52 makes for an elegant, multi-functional receptacle member. However, due to the threadings which may be molded in such large diameter columns 30 and 36, the mechanical advantage which may be generated by virtue of useable thread pitches is not the most powerful possible.

[0046] Where a greater mechanical advantage is desired, the inventive pressure applicator 20 may be configured like the embodiments shown in FIG. 6. In each, the introduction section 24 is only slightly larger than the bore of the vessel section 28 and piston head 26 or seal 50. In the embodiments of FIG. 6 where the introduction section does not include an integral funnel section, the introduction section 24 can be sized about 0.010 to about 0.250 inches over that of the vessel section bore. The introduction section is preferably between about 0.5 in to about 1 inch in height, but may be effective at heights as small as half the thickness of an O-ring being inserted therein, e.g., 0.031 inches. This value, in particular, is driven by the distance of the sealing portion of the plunger 44. For instance, if an O-ring is provided at the very end of the plunger or piston, then the introduction section need only be as high as roughly half the O-ring thickness. The O-ring thickness is preferably about 0.062″.

[0047] Aside from what provisions may be made for threading or other drive means/mechanism, the shape of the first column 30 exterior to the introduction section 24 is variable. As shown in FIG. 6, the exterior diameter of the first column member may be substantially constant—excepting optimal threads provided. Alternatively, the diameter of the exterior of the first column 30 may follow that of the interior so a substantially constant wall thickness “T_(w)” is employed. The length of threading provided may be varied.

[0048] In the pictured embodiments of the invention, the pressure vessel section 28 is advantageously about 0.375 to about 0.75 and preferably about 0.50 inches in diameter in order to have a small enough bore so that the mechanical advantage in applying pressure to the implant material is not overly affected as would be the case with a much larger bore in view of other design parameters. A length for the vessel is between about 1.5 and 3.5 inches so to hold a volume of material between about 4 cc and above 9 cc.

[0049] As illustrated in FIG. 6, the embodiments not having an integral funnel section 52 may be used in combination with a separate funnel 54. Where an independent funnel section is used, it may be preferred to use an even larger opening than that of the integrated funnel 52. Funnels with openings of up to about 3 inches would prove useful. Such sizing is reasonable for separate funnels because the exterior of the funnel will not require threadings to interface with a housing member, and consequently, workable size will not be limited by drive means parameters as with the embodiment shown in FIGS. 1, 2 and 5. Departure from a cylindrical profile for an introduction funnel may be advantageous in any embodiment where there will be no threads on the exterior of the funnel.

[0050] In embodiments of the invention, it is preferable that the funnel section employed have radiused corners or none at all. A funnel height “H_(f)” of between about 1 and about 4 inches is preferable whether the funnel is integrated into the first column 30 or not. It is preferred that the introduction section have a height “H_(j)” of between about 1.5 and about 2 times over the increase in diameter from the vessel section bore to the introduction section. It is further preferred that implant material to be loaded in the applicator 20 be filled to a level within the range of “H_(i)” to facilitate the purging or venting function of the invention. Filling proceeds to a desired fill level 56 shown in FIG. 2.

[0051] Preferable material for the applicator 20 including the first column 30, second column 36 and independent funnel 54 when provided is amorphous nylon. Clear amorphous nylon is preferred for the first column 30 and funnel 52 or 54. The material of the second column 30 may be polished or frosted to the desired fill level 56 to aid in filling with the proper amount of implant material by visual observation of the material. Graduated level marks 58 may also be provided so a quantitative appreciation of the amount of material in the first column 30 may be observed. Of course, alternate material may be useable for the pressure applicator 20 of the invention. Such material includes stainless steel, aluminum or titanium and their alloys, and polymers including, but not limited to, polypropylene and polyvinylchloride (PVC).

[0052] To load the applicator 20 of the invention, implant material 46 is poured to or over the desired fill level 56 which is at least part way into the introduction section 24 of the first column 30. The head 26 of the piston or plunger member 44 is then dipped into the implant material where air and excess material flows past the same because of the space provided between the piston head 26 and introduction section 24 walls. Upon further advancement of the piston 44 into the first column 30, a seal is formed with the vessel section wall 60.

[0053] Use of a second column 36 like that shown in FIG. 7A is advantageous in helping provide for such action. A thread-bare section 64 is provided here by which threading 32 on the first column 30 may pass thorough without interference. Sliding the threaded section 32 into section 64 not only facilitates dipping the plunger head 26 into material in the introduction section 24 but it aligns the threads 32 and 34 so they may start evenly and avoid becoming “cross threaded.” Even where a single-start thread is employed in the invention, the alignment provided by the interaction between section 64 and the first column 30 will be useful in this regard. The bare section 64 is preferably of a length such that a number of threads will be engaged with each other before a seal is formed between the piston 44 or seal 50 and the vessel wall 60.

[0054] To form the seal, a separate “sealing” element need not be provided. However, especially where highly viscous materials are concerned, the O-ring or grommet optionally provided is preferred since it can move on the plunger rotationally and thus even if the plunger is turning with the handle, the seal can move independently.

[0055] Upon loading of the applicator 20, preferably be inverting it and allowing it to rest on a flat top portion 62, some amount of material may be extruded from the device in order to purge air in the Luer lock 22 or hose 18. The flat configuration of handle 38 also provide a rest upon which the device may be self supported, after filling and threading the device together. It may also be desired to agitate the applicator to keep particles in the implant material evenly dispersed. Since an overabundance of flowable implant material provided in the introduction section during loading will be unconstrained and may foul the exposed threads of the second column 36 upon inversion of the applicator, it is preferable to only fill the introduction section with such an amount of material as required to effectively vent or purge air bubbles as described above.

[0056] Following proper loading of the device and such post-loading procedures as may be advantageous for a given implant material, delivery of the material to a patient may commence by urging the second column 36 toward the first column 30 and thus the piston 44 into the pressure vessel 28 to force implant material therefrom. In the embodiments shown, such movement will be provided by torque applied by a user to turn the handles 38, 40 relative to each other. Where other drive means are provided (as may be routinely substituted by those with skill in the art), the action required to advance the plunger 44 within the first column will vary but the device and method of use will still be considered to be part of the present invention. Fluoroscopic or other imaging may be used continuously or intermittently during the delivery of the implant material into a patient to monitor the progress of the filling of an implantation site.

[0057] Various end-point indicators may be used to indicate that driving of implant material should be discontinued and that the filling procedure has been completed. The particular end point indication method used depends upon a variety of factors, including the characterization of the venous bed within the particular vertebral body being filled, the condition of the bony structure of the vertebral body being filled, and surgeon preference. One end-pointing technique is to simply monitor the filling and terminate driving of the implant material when visual confirmation is made that the body is completely, or nearly-completely filled.

[0058] Another end point indicator (which is not necessarily selected by the operator, but is event driven) is when implant material extravasates outside of the vertebral body. This condition may arise due to escape of the implant material through fracture lines, such as when the vertebral body is that of an osteoporitic patient who has suffered a compression fracture. When end pointing is prompted by such an event, the non-compliant aspect of the invention facilitated by effective loading of the device will lessen or eliminate “oozing” or “drip” phenomenon that could result in overfilling the implantation site and the associated dangers.

[0059] After filling of the vertebral body has been completed as indicated by one of the endpoint detection indicators described above or others, including those described in Attorney Docket No. 361722000420 referenced above, any remaining pressure is relieve by unthreading the columns ½ to a full turn. The tube 18 is disconnected from the cannula 6, and the cannula is withdrawn. A bandage is typically then applied to the wound site.

[0060] Further details as to the use or other aspects of the high-pressure implant system may be noted in the above referenced applications already referred to in describing the present invention or background which are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety. It is noted that this invention has been described and specific examples of the invention have been portrayed. The use of those specific examples is not intended to limit the invention in any way. Additionally, to the extent that there are variations of the invention which are within the spirit of the disclosure and yet are equivalent to the inventions found in the claims, it is the intent that the claims cover those variations as well. All equivalents are considered to be within the scope of the claimed invention, even those which may have not been set forth herein merely for the sake of brevity. Also, the various aspects of the invention described herein may be modified and/or used in combination with such other aspects also described to be part of the invention or disclosed in references discussed to form other advantageous variations considered to be part of the invention covered. 

We claim as our invention:
 1. A high pressure applicator for driving the delivery of a flowable tissue implant material comprising: a first column including a vessel section and an introduction section, said vessel section defining a substantially smooth bore having an outlet and an entrance adjoining said introduction section, said introduction section defining an opening having a larger cross-sectional area than said bore; a second column drivably engageable with said receptacle member along an advancement axis; and a piston member having a base and head, wherein said head is adapted to form a high-pressure seal in said bore and said base is positioned against a portion of said second column.
 2. The applicator of claim 1 wherein said bore is cylindrical.
 3. The applicator of claim 2 wherein at least a portion of said opening of said introduction section has a circular cross-section perpendicular to said advancement axis.
 4. The applicator of claim 3 wherein said driveable engagement comprises a threaded interface on an outer portion of said first column and an inner portion of said second column.
 5. The applicator of claim 1 wherein a handle is provided for said second column.
 6. The applicator of claim 5 wherein said handle is in the form of a scalloped member at an end of said second column.
 7. The applicator of claim 1 wherein a handle is provided for said first column.
 8. The applicator of claim 7 wherein said handle is in the form of a member extending substantially perpendicular to said driving axis at an end of said first column.
 9. The applicator of claim 1 wherein said piston head is sized for a close fit with said bore.
 10. The applicator of claim 1 wherein said piston head has a groove and an O-ring configured to form a seal in said bore.
 11. The applicator of claim 10 wherein said O-ring comprises PTFE/TEFLON.
 12. A kit comprising the applicator of claim 1 in combination with tissue implant material.
 13. The kit of claim 12 wherein said implant material comprises PMMA.
 14. The applicator of claim 1 wherein said outlet exhausts though a Luer fitting.
 15. The applicator of claim 14 wherein said Luer fitting is integrally formed in said first column.
 16. The applicator of claim 15 wherein said first column comprises clear amorphous nylon.
 17. The applicator of claim 16 wherein said second column comprises amorphous nylon.
 18. The applicator of claim 1 wherein said base of said piston member is frictionally engaged with said second column by a restraint adapted to allow said piston member to turn during operation of the applicator.
 19. The applicator of claim 4 wherein a smooth transition section connects said bore and said introduction section.
 20. The applicator of claim 4 further comprising an integrated funnel section adjacent to said introduction section, said funnel section having an opening with a diameter between about 1 and about 2 inches.
 21. The applicator of claim 20 wherein said funnel section has a height between about 0.25 and about 1.75 inches.
 22. The applicator of claim 4 wherein said introduction section has a diameter between about 0.010 to about 0.25 greater than a diameter of said vessel opening.
 23. The applicator of claim 22 wherein said introduction section has a height between about 0.1 and about 0.5 inches.
 24. The applicator of claim 23 in combination with an independent funnel member adapted to interface with said introduction section.
 25. The applicator of claim 1 wherein it is adapted to generate about 4000 psi with tissue implant material by hand actuation.
 26. A high pressure applicator for driving the delivery of a flowable tissue implant material comprising: a first column including a vessel section and an introduction section, said vessel section defining a substantially smooth bore having an outlet and an entrance open to said introduction section, said introduction section being flared open for at least one portion; a second column drivably engageable with said first column along an advancement axis; and a piston member a base and head, wherein said head is adapted to form a high-pressure seal in said bore and said base is positioned against a portion of said second column.
 27. A high pressure applicator for driving the delivery of a flowable tissue implant material comprising: a first column including a vessel section and an introduction section, said vessel section defining a substantially smooth bore having an outlet and an entrance open to said introduction section; a second column drivably engageable with said first column along an advancement axis; and a piston member having a base and head, wherein said head is adapted to form a high-pressure seal in said bore and said base is positioned against a portion of said second column, wherein said piston head, said introduction section, and said vessel section are adapted to enable introduction of said piston head into said first column with the presence of the flowable tissue implant material without the introduction of a pocket of air into said vessel section.
 28. A method of preparing a high pressure applicator for driving the delivery of a flowable tissue implant material for use comprising: providing an applicator having a first column including a vessel section having a bore and an introduction section, a second column drivably engageable with said receptacle member along an advancement axis and a piston member having a base and a piston head; filling the first column with implant material over the vessel section and at least partially into the introduction section; introducing the head of the piston into the implant material; and driving at least the head portion of the piston into the vessel section of the first column to form a high pressure seal between the bore and piston head without the introduction of compliant matter.
 29. A method of introducing tissue implant material into a patient comprising: preparing the applicator substantially as described in claim 28; connecting a noncompliant tube in fluid communication with an outlet of the applicator; connecting the tube to an inlet of a cannula in fluid communication with an implantation site; and advancing the piston into the bore of the vessel of the first column to force a flow of the implant material into the implantation site.
 30. The method of claim 29 wherein said advancement is achieved by hand turning the first and second columns relative to each other along a threaded interface between the columns.
 31. The method of claim 29 wherein the first column is stabilized in a substantially constant position and the second column is turned.
 32. A system for percutaneously delivering implant material, comprising: a delivery port providing percutaneous access to an implant site; a high pressure applicator for driving the delivery of the implant material; and a substantially non-compliant tube adapted to interconnect with said high pressure applicator and said delivery port.
 33. The system of claim 32, wherein said delivery port comprises a cannula.
 34. The system of claim 34, wherein said substantially non-compliant tube comprises a flexible tube.
 35. The system of claim 34, wherein said flexible, substantially non-compliant tube comprises a flexible tubing wall having a coil in said wall, said coil preventing radial expansion of said flexible tube.
 36. The system of claim 34, wherein said flexible, substantially non-compliant tube comprises a material selected from the group consisting of polyvinyl chlorides, Nylon blends, FEP and PEEK.
 37. The system of claim 32, wherein said substantially non-compliant tube has a compliance of less than about 25% internal volume change when pressurized internally to about 1200 psi, compared to a starting internal volume of said tube at atmospheric pressure.
 38. The system of claim 32, wherein said system has a compliance of less than about 25% internal volume change when pressurized internally to about 1200 psi, compared to a starting internal volume of said system at atmospheric pressure.
 39. The system of claim 32, wherein said high pressure applicator comprises a first column and a second column driveably engageable with said first column, said first column having a vessel section and an introduction section.
 40. The system of claim 32, said delivery device comprising an input fitting, said applicator comprising an output fitting, and said conduit comprising first and second fittings at first and second ends thereof, respectively, wherein said first fitting releasably connects to said output fitting to provide a pressure tight seal therewith and said second fitting releasably connects to said input fitting to provide a pressure tight seal therewith. 